Effects of shadow evacuation on megaregion evacuations

Transportation systems serve important roles during emergencies, in particular for evacuations. However, efficient travel during these life-and-death scenarios can be adversely impacted by external conditions, such as unnecessary and unneeded travel. This research sought to enhance the understanding of the effects of these conditions by analyzing shadow evacuations, and their impact on regional traffic operations in megaregions, more broadly. The research was based on simulations of a range of hurricane evacuation threat scenarios in the Gulf of Mexico building upon prior study using TRANSIMS. These assessments are also targeted at what many assume could be worst case evacuation conditions and pushing the limits of current simulation modeling capability. Among the broader findings of this work was that shadow evacuation participation rates did not significantly impact the evacuation clearance times within mandatory evacuation areas of the megaregion as long as demand could be temporarily spread out. This finding does not, however, suggest that the shadow evacuations have no impact on evacuation processes. High rates of shadow evacuees can cause significant congestion if they are not able to exit critical routes before mandatory evacuees reach areas further away from the coast.     

深埋地铁车站人员紧急疏散计算

提出深埋地铁的新站型,进行紧急疏散演算, 探讨针对深埋地铁新站型的人员消防疏散的计算问 题,通过计算来验证和归纳深埋地铁站在建筑设计时 应重视的设计要点,为未来深埋地铁车站的设计提供 参考。将两座车站的客流代入两个深埋车站的新站型 中,根据国家标准和新地标的疏散公式进行计算。结 果表明: 首先,新站型的建筑形式是成立的,可以满足 国家标准疏散的要求; 其次,两个计算公式均反映了客 流与疏散设施的匹配度问题,当客流较大时,需增加通 行设施的数量以及缩短站厅层至站台层的距离来满足 疏散要求; 再次,通过北京新地标的公式计算发现,在两 种站型通行设施数量相同的情况下,影响深埋车站人员 疏散时间的两大因素是站厅至站台的距离和客流。     

上海轨道交通世纪大道站防火卷帘门误降引起的思考

从上海轨道交通世纪大道站所发生的一次防火卷帘门误降事件入手,介绍了世纪大道站在换乘形式上的选择,以及在防火分区及安全疏散设计上相关规范的要求和做法,通过分析事件发生原因提出了大型换乘枢纽站防火设计上的新思路.     

基于GEM算法的地铁车站乘客疏散能力研究

为分析和提高地铁车站通过设施的疏散能力,保证乘客的运行安全,在分析地铁车站行人流运动特性的基础上,利用GEM(generalized expansion method)算法,求解地铁车站乘客疏散模型,通过计算得到车站疏散设施的拥堵概率、吞吐量等指标,给出地铁车站疏散能力的瓶颈点。以西直门地铁站为案例,证明将GEM算法应用于解决地铁车站人员疏散问题的可行性,并在此基础上提出合理的进站线路疏散优化方案。     

新建崇礼铁路隧道紧急救援站设置研究

《铁路隧道防灾疏散救援工程设计规范》(TB10020-2017)完善修改了紧急救援站的设计标准及设置要求,即长度大于20 km的隧道或者隧道群应设置紧急救援站。根据条文解释,该处"20km"的长度限定是基于隧道纵坡不大于20‰。但实际工程中,往往存在隧道坡度或者综合坡度大于20‰且隧道长度小于20 km的工况,这种情况下隧道是否设置紧急救援站是亟需解决的问题。结合新建崇礼铁路隧道工程实例,研究隧道纵坡大于20‰且长度小于20 km时是否设置紧急救援站。研究表明,当隧道纵坡大于20‰且隧道长度小于20 km时,是否设置紧急救援站取决于列车上坡折减后的末速度。崇礼铁路陡坡段隧道和隧道群均不需要设置紧急救援站。     

轨道交通车站应急疏散乘客心理行为影响因素分析

轨道交通车站突发事件下乘客的心理行为对安全疏散具有重要影响。将轨道交通车站应急疏散乘客心理行为影响因素概括为环境信息、引导信息、受度信息及乘客基础信息等四个方面,并加以分析。探讨了影响因素的作用机制,针对相应因素提出了指导应急疏散的建议。     

地铁车辆紧急疏散门系统结构研究与选型建议

介绍了国内、外地铁车辆采用的两类紧急疏散门系统,从结构形式、疏散模式、承载及疏散能力等方面对这两类紧急疏散门进行研究分析与对比,并提出地铁车辆紧急疏散门系统选型建议。     

基于GIS的城市轨道交通线网客流监测预警

在分析城轨客流特性的基础上,提出线网实时客流的监测算法;利用地理信息系统（GIS）技术,动态展示城市轨道交通线网实时客流分布态势;设定预警研判机理,对超过限定预警值的车站、区间的客流进行监测预警;借助GIS动态定位特性,辅助实现公交接驳的紧急疏散,以满足线网运营的可视化、高效的现代化管理。     

Large-scale evacuation network optimization: a bi-level control method with uncertain arterial demand

To improve the efficiency of large-scale evacuations, a network aggregation method and a bi-level optimization control method are proposed in this paper. The network aggregation method indicates the uncertain evacuation demand on the arterial sub-network and balances accuracy and efficiency by refining local road sub-networks. The bi-level optimization control method is developed to reconfigure the aggregated network from both supply and demand sides with contraflow and conflict elimination. The main purpose of this control method is to make the arterial sub-network to be served without congestion and interruption. Then, a corresponding bi-objective network flow model is presented in a static manner for an oversaturated network, and a Genetic Algorithm-based solution method is used to solve the evacuation problem. The numerical results from optimizing a city-scale evacuation network for a super typhoon justify the validity and usefulness of the network aggregation and optimization control methods.     

Studies on emergency evacuation management for maritime transportation

Marine transportation is a vital component of the world’s economy and transportation network. The number of people using passenger ships around the globe is increasing worldwide. Similar to other transportation systems, passenger safety is critical in maritime shipment. As emergency evacuation processes for ships are highly different from and more complicated than those for buildings and other vehicles, many researchers have published a vast range of documents related to this peculiar research area. However, there is a tangible lack of sufficient literature review studies that investigate marine emergency evacuation (MEE). That being the case, the potential of marine transportation and the effect of emergency evacuation operation on life safety have inspired the proposal of this study. This paper offers a review of the available literature on MEE modelling, analysis and planning during the period from 1973 to 2017 using a systematic approach. After reviewing relevant academic journals, peer-reviewed conference papers, and technical reports of agencies, relevant literature is analysed. In addition, the literature review is extended by means of proposing a framework methodology which considers different possible conditions and situations during MEE. Finally, insights for ship managers and policymakers are discussed and potential future research directions are identified.